", Flohr tells NPR his agency has followed federal statutes in its handling of claims for mustard gas exposure. "You can't coordinate anything you know. This includes receiving medicines or vaccines under the Armys investigational drug review. The whole thing stinks, and if the American people knew about it, they would not tolerate it. v. Central Intelligence Agency, et al. CampBell's Complaint says that after execution of the real estate contract between McGill and the Abrahams, "on October 27, 2020, Sherry Abraham, acting as an Edgewood Town Councilor, filed an Emergency Motion to Intervene in the McGill lawsuit (D-101-CV-2020-00328).". NASHVILLE, Tenn. (WTVF) A top-secret military program treated active-duty U.S. soldiers like they were guinea pigs according to a class action lawsuit that shed light on what happened. From 1955 to 1975, military researchers at Edgewood were using not only animals but human subjects to test a witches brew of drugs and chemicals. [1] The experiments were abruptly terminated by the Army in late 1975 amidst an atmosphere of scandal and recrimination as lawmakers accused researchers of questionable ethics. Ariel Zambelich/NPR. EDGEWOOD ARSENAL / MKULTRA LAWSUIT MOVES TO NEXT PHASE Claims it is unconstitutional for the VA to decide VA claims where VA itself participated in the illegal chemical and biological weapons program. "I'm sorry," Flohr says. The Edgewood Arsenal Rod and Gun Club was a club that included U.S. Army officers and Department of the Army civilian personnel stationed at the Arsenal as well as their families and guests. Thank you. However, a good history and physical examination can provide valuable information and help determine a Veterans risk of developing health problems related to the exposure. He believes the testing hurt him emotionally and stole part of his life. Others were locked in gas chambers, like Cavell. Her name is Joy. And when he questioned the staff about whether he was in any danger, they reassured him: There is nothing here that could ever harm you., But Josephs, 63, believes the chemical agents he received during his two-month stint at Edgewood did harm him, triggering health problems that continue to plague him four decades later. Josephs has not received any health benefits related to his time as a human test subject at Edgewood. Three test subjects enter a gas chamber, which will fill with mustard gas, as part of the military's secret chemical warfare testing in March 1945. General William M. Creasy, former chief chemical officer, U.S. Army, testified to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1959 that "provided sufficient emphasis is put behind it, I think the future lies in the psychochemicals. After World War II, U.S. military researchers obtained formulas for the three nerve gases developed by the Nazistabun, soman, and sarinand conducted studies on them at the US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center. Cavell and 11 other volunteers were locked inside a gas chamber with mustard gas piping inside. The mustard gas experiments were conducted at a time when American intelligence showed that enemy gas attacks were imminent. Experiments were carried out with safety of subjects a principal focus. To access the menus on this page please perform the following steps. Your email will only be used if a response is needed. Fort Hoyle was established on October 7, 1922, and was created from a portion of the Edgewood Arsenal. Please switch auto forms mode to off. If, at any time, you have difficulty using this website, please contact us. (Left) The inside of a gas chamber used for tests on American troops during World War II at the Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland. Edgewood Arsenal Chemical Agent Exposure Studies FAQs. ), Nerve agent reactivators, e.g. Cavell then submitted the documents to the VA as proof of his exposure. The letter granting him benefits made no mention of Edgewood. Even a book critical of the program, written by Lynn C. Klotz and Edward J. Sylvester, acknowledges that: Unlike the CIA program, research subjects [at Edgewood] all signed informed consent forms, both a general one and another related to any experiment they were to participate in. 1982-85 IOM report The American Legion identified limits on attorneys fees related to Camp Lejeune Justice Act claims as one of its top goals. But now he just wants people to know what he and others endured. Greene, L. Wilson, "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War", U. S. Army Chemical Center, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland; August 1949. Thus, between 1950 and 1975, about 6,720 soldiers took part in experiments involving exposures to 254 different chemicals, conducted at U.S. Army Laboratories at Edgewood Arsenal, MD (NRC 1982, NRC 1984, NAS 1993). Bollinger still has chronic breathing problems and breaks out in eczema in places where he was burned as a young Navy recruit: "Around my privates and under my arms and face and everywhere else," he says. And this goes to the essence of 'Can you trust your government?' Oakland, CA: A Veterans disability class action lawsuit has been filed on behalf of several Veterans Affairs associations including Vietnam Veterans of America as well as individual Vietnam. He says he tires easily. Blisters that eventually increased to the size of half dollar coins started to grow in the same places. Historic images from the Naval Research Laboratory depict results of a test subject who was exposed to mustard gas. According to the class action lawsuit filed on behalf of Edgewood Arsenal veterans, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), despite having actively participated in the experiments, has denied between 97% and 99% of all disability or death claims arising out of the exposures. Erspamer said Josephs probably received an injection of sarin or another nerve gas, because the records show that he received the drug P2S on February 1, 1968, to treat organophosphate poisoning.. The first story in this report focused on race-based experiments done as part of the military's chemical warfare program: Cavell, now 88 years old, says the officer threatened him and the other test subjects: If they told anyone about their knowledge or participation in the experiments, they would receive a dishonorable discharge and be sent to military prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan. "They put the fear of God in just a bunch of young kids," he says. "The word got around they were looking for volunteers for testing," Paul said. Over a period of 20 years, more than 7,000 volunteers spent an estimated total of 14,000 months at Edgewood Arsenal. A previous version of this story misidentified Nat Schnurman's wife. have hearing loss, Anticholinesterase nerve agents (ex., sarin and common organophosphorus (OP), and carbamate pesticides), Nerve agent antidotes atropine and scopolamine, Nerve agent reactivators (ex., the common OP antidote 2-PAM chloride), Psychoactive agents (ex., LSD, PCP, cannaboids, and BZ). As a result of the testing, many of the veterans who served between two and four months at the Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland, suffer from chronic, debilitating illnesses. 8:56 AM EST, Thu March 1, 2012. But Goss says that excuse is at the core of all that is dysfunctional in Washington bureaucracies. Vets feel abandoned after secret drug experiments, Former sergeant seeks compensation for LSD testing at Edgewood Arsenal, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgewood_Arsenal_human_experiments&oldid=1124810855, Development evaluation and test procedures, Effects of drugs and environmental stress on human physiological mechanisms, Human factors tests (ability to follow instructions), Other (visual studies, sleep deprivation, etc. Nine workers, of whom eight were African-American, were killed in the . This is Part 2 of a two-part investigation on mustard gas testing conducted by the U.S. military during World War II. "It's an important story that needs to be told and it's a story that frankly a lot of people don't know," Hancock said. 31 subjects experienced ocular exposure via direct CS application to their eyes. The announcement applies to testing that took place from 1942 to 1975, officials said. 2023 Cable News Network. The lawsuit sought for the veterans to be notified about what substances they had received and be provided medical coverage. NPR Photo Editor Ariel Zambelich and reporters Christopher Groskopf, Jani Actman and Lydia Emmanouilidou also contributed to this story. A lawsuit brought by a veterans' advocacy group, Vietnam Veterans of America, resulted in the requirement that the Army give medical care to eligible veterans who took part in testing that. Three test subjects enter a gas chamber, which will fill with mustard gas, as part of the military's secret chemical warfare testing in March 1945. Improved Synthesis of EA 1464 and Preparation of its Corresponding Di-(Hydrogen Oxalate) Salt, EA 3669. The plaintiffs collectively referred to themselves as the "Test Vets". 27299 Riverview Center Boulevard, Suite 108. Vol. Two autobiographical books from psychiatrists conducting human experiments at Edgewood have been self-published: Journalist Linda Hunt, citing records from the. Josephs said he didnt know what drugs he was getting. The chemicals were given to volunteer service members at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland; Dugway Proving Ground, Utah; and Forts Benning, Bragg, and McClellan. Finally, from 1962 to 1972, a total of 123 irritant chemicals were tested on only two subjects each exposed using a wind tunnel (NRC 1984). He filed a federal lawsuit for compensation in 1979, but was unsuccessful because of a legal doctrine that protects the military from being sued for service-related injuries. In September 1975, the Medical Research Volunteer Program was discontinued and all resident volunteers were removed from the Edgewood installation. We will strive to make that page accessible. The court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment with respect to the other claims. The truth about the CIA is quite another story, one that should've been a huge news story a decade ago but gets fully recounted here for anyone who missed the truth the first time. There, Ketchum was administering psychotropic drugs on young. 1, 24), stated: [In 1993 and 1994] we [] reported that the Army Chemical Corps conducted a classified medical research program for developing incapacitating agents. He was asked "Did you have pain every time you took a breath? Watching soldiers suffer through delirium and panic attacks while older survivors describe their experiences makes for powerful viewing. I was a MRVP at Edgewood Arsenal Chemical in 1964/1965. They based that conclusion on the same information that had been sitting in his VA file for decades. These studies included a secret human subjects component at least as early as 1948, when "psychological reactions" were documented in Edgewood technicians. "They didn't know they were signing up to get mystery chemicals injected into their bodies," Hancock said. Edgewood Chemical Activity is a chemical-weapons depot located at APG. The VA has been accused of bias in these claims denials due to its self-interest in the issues. The lawsuit quoted a 1954 report to President Dwight Eisenhower which urged him to approve the human testing program, "If the United states is to survive, long standing American concepts of fair play must be reconsidered.". Copyright 2023 Military.com. Naval Training Center in Bainbridge, Md. He says he is proud of his service, and he wears the cap everywhere he goes. The idea was they would test new Army field jackets, clothing, weapons and things of that nature, but no mention of drugs or chemicals.. They. After NPR's inquiry, the VA told NPR there was enough evidence to grant his claims. He said, You volunteered for this. Researchers there had recorded his full name in neat handwriting on lined paper. Edgewood/Aberdeen Experiments From 1955 to 1975, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps conducted classified medical studies at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland. Edgewood Arsenal MKULTRA Lawsuit Larry Scott has been all over this betrayal. Attention A T users. While early experiments with marijuana and LSD get plenty of discussion, much of the long-term damage seems to result from experimentation with the powerful incapacitating agent 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate, commonly known as BZ. Served as a volunteer for medical research in a U.S. Army chemical or biological substance testing program from 1942 to 1975. The prior finding held that the Army has an ongoing duty to seek out and provide "notice" to former test participants of any new information that could potentially affect their health. "I don't think there's an explanation for why this program wasn't more successful," Goss says. These men make a convincing case that they were not briefed about the risks involved in the program and did not understand the potential for the long-term effects they've endured. These experiments with mustard gas were conducted by the Army and Navy at more than a dozen locations. Tim Josephs blames secret Army program for health issues, including Parkinson's disease, Facility tested potentially lethal gases, narcotics and LSD on animals and humans, Cold War research initially aimed to defend against Soviet chemical or biological attack, The VA has contacted and offered free medical evaluations to thousands of veterans. At the end of the second hour, the officer ordered Cavell back to his barracks and to continue wearing his gas-saturated uniform. If you are concerned about exposures during Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests, talk to your health care provider or yourlocal environmental health provider. Gordon Erspamer, lead attorney in suit against VA. During experiments that began on February 19, 1968, Josephs experienced Parkinsons-like tremors after receiving Prolixin, an antipsychotic medication, Erspamer said, prompting the Edgewood medical staff to give the young soldier Congentin and Artane, two drugs used to treat Parkinsons symptoms. The Army then sent Josephs to Air Force bases in Thailand, in support of the war effort in Vietnam. Statistically, at least one out of a thousand young soldiers chosen at random might be expected to expire during any one-year period. If I go to a locked door, I panic sometimes to try to get out.". But when he went to fill out paperwork the morning after his arrival, the base personnel were wearing white lab coats, and Josephs said he had second thoughts. The U.S. Army believed that legal liability could be avoided by concealing the experiments. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose chemical warfare agents on military personnel and to test protective clothing and pharmaceuticals. including tests designed to look for racial difference. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The Edgewood Arsenal continued to produce chemical agents and countermeasures in case they became necessary. ", Goss says he thinks the VA never delivered on its promises because this issue has been disappearing on its own for years. 1, "Anticholinesterases and Anticholinergics", Vol. Cavell is currently being re-evaluated before the benefits can be disbursed. As a result, at least one class action lawsuit has been filed against the Defense Department and Department of Veteran Affairs, with the hope of, at the very least, getting . hide caption, Former CIA Director Porter Goss says the VA has mishandled these claims. Other times it was a pill, Josephs told CNN Chief Medical Correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta. This incapacitating agent would be dispersed by standard munitions, and the agent would enter the building through all nonprotected openings, the films narrator boasts. 1942-1945: U.S. Navy initiated poisonous Mustard Gas and Lewisite (derivative of arsenic) experiments to test protective clothing and anti-blister ointments at the Naval Research Laboratory and at the Army's Edgewood Arsenal. Your effort and contribution in providing this feedback is much For example, in 1970, DEFENDANTS provided Congress with an alphabetical list showing that they had tested 145 drugs during Projects Bluebird, Artichoke, Case4:09-cv-00037-CW Document180 Filed11/18/10 Page6 of 76 Vets used in secret tests make progress in court, MCPON: Sailors need speedier, easier access to counseling, Tricare now covers new costly insulin device for Type 1 diabetics, Army artillery officer dies during assignment in Thailand, Veterans Affairs deputy secretary to leave post on April 1, China sends 25 planes, 3 ships toward Taiwan, Tax scams How to report them Money Minute, Capitol Hill weighs action on two controversial topics: medical marijuana and abortion, Lockheed wins hypersonics contract | Defense Dollars, Go inside a secret nuclear fallout bunker sealed for decades, The time is now to prepare for China conflict, Army leaders say, Dismissal of 3rd MARSOC 3 defendants case to be weighed by court, At Army experiment, experts tinker with tanks and communications kit, Pentagon sets deadline for services to stop enforcing vaccine mandate. Edgewood dropped that lawsuit in February of 2020 in an attempt to come to an agreement with the City over the field. 2009), the plaintiffs did not seek monetary damages. "And as far as the secretary and I are concerned, we're about to do right by them.". Attorney James Hancock works with the California law firm Morrison & Foerster, which filed a class action lawsuit back in 2008 against the CIA and Department of Defense. A group of them, led by Nat Schnurman, went public with their stories in 1990. On July 24, 2013, United States District Court Judge Claudia Wilken issued an order granting in part and denying in part plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and granting in part and denying in part defendants' motion for summary judgment. Please click here for a free evaluation of your claim, Civil/Human Rights Settlements and Legal News, Personal Injury Settlements and Legal News. Initially, such studies focused solely on the lethality of the gases and its treatment and prevention. This kind of behavior toward our veterans would not be allowed to happen, Erspamer said. "That's going to be on my tombstone," Bollinger says. Things were different back then. "Incapacitating chemical agents": Law enforcement, human rights law and policy perspectives. These men aren't polished or rehearsed, and the filmmakers let them have their say, even when things veer into pure speculation. He blames his time at Edgewood for all this, and he has joined a lawsuit on behalf of Edgewood veterans seeking medical benefits from the Department of Veterans Affairs. Dr. James Ketchum led the experiments, and we've got a clip in which he defends his methods. In 2015, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals said the Army, and not Veterans Affairs, should provide veterans with medical care related to the testing. From 1955 to 1975, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps conducted classified medical studies at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland. In some cases, soldiers involved in these experiments were exposed to multiple chemical and biological agents, including incapacitating drugs and toxic substances. Eight individual isomers numbered EA-2233-1 through EA-2233-8. ", And "How would you compare this test with the last one?". In all, roughly 60,000 World War II veterans were used as test subjects, and they kept the experiments secret for half a century. In his mid-50s, Josephs was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease, a progressive neurological condition that forced him to retire early. 3. A small portion of these studies were directed at psychochemical warfare and grouped under the prosaic title of the "Medical Research Volunteer Program" (19561975). The study could not rule out long-term health effects related to exposure to the nerve agents. Harry Bollinger, 88, of Freeport, Pa., pauses as he talks about his recovery from mustard gas exposure as part of an experiment at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. "I was disgusted already. Naval Research Laboratory In this U.S. government photo, Wray Forrest is seen on the far right in 1973 while participating in the program at Maryland's Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center. [22], Material Testing Program EA (Edgewood Arsenal) numbers. Then, in 1996, Bollinger received a military commendation in the mail. Read the lawsuit complaint document (PDF), Read about an Edgewood volunteers widow who blames the VA for his death, Gordon Erspamer, lead attorney in the suit, has reviewed the partial Edgewood medical records that Josephs was able to obtain with the help of his wife. visit VeteransCrisisLine.net for more resources. Charlie Cavell at his home in Virginia. Original photo: Courtesy of Charlie Cavell, Left: U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Agency; Right: Naval Research Laboratory. Treatment will be in addition to the comprehensive medical care that plaintiffs are entitled to receive through Veterans Affairs because of their status as veterans, the release said. Greene called for a search for novel psychoactive compounds that would create the same debilitating mental side effects as those produced by nerve gases, but without their lethal effect. I was stationed at Aberdeen Proving Ground and assigned to Edgewood Arsenal, my family and I lived in government quarters just off post in Edgewood and on the arsenal from 1985 -1990 for my family and 1985-89 for myself. In total, Army documents identified 7,120 Army and Air Force personnel who participated in these tests. hide caption. Cavell and five others were told to stay put. These irritant chemicals were selected for human testing following preliminary animal studies. "It's important that these soldiers who served their country are honored and get to the tell their story," Hancock said. A Government Accounting Office report of May 2004, Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel (pp. "Until we actually got into the process of being in that room and realized, wait a minute, we can't get out of here.". A nurse or doctor asked him questions after he was put in a chamber and exposed to an irritant, likely tear gas. Overall, about 7,000 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the Department of Defense (DoD). "But the only thing we can do is follow our statutes and regulations.". Only a small number of all the experiments done during this period involved mustard agents or Lewisite. By the early 1950s, Edgewood Arsenal, which became part of the larger complex at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, produced numerous biological agents, developed protective equipment and prophylactic treatments, and shaped US combat policy and practice.In the aftermath of WWII tensions between the US and the USSR prompted scientists, military officials, and policy advisors to increase the number of . 877-222-8387, TDD (Hearing Impaired) According to a deposition given by a former soldier involved in the program who is now deceased, it was not until men arrived at Edgewood Arsenal that they were informed that drugs would also be used in the experiments. The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratories which is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD) at the Edgewood Area . 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