the wounded deer elements and principlesthe wounded deer elements and principles
[4], In 1940, Kahlo married fellow Mexican artist Diego Rivera for the second time. Now that's artistic genius. Genre: self-portrait Technique: oil Material: masonite Dimensions: 22.4 x 30 cm Gallery: Collection of Carolyn Farb Houston, Texas, U.S.A. At the bottom of the painting, Kahlo has written "carma," meaning ''destiny'' or ''fate''. Any regular reader of EPPH may have already noticed that the arrows in the stag's body have all arrived from in front of the canvas like the artist's own paintbrush. She is considered to be one of the most influential artists of the century and is renowned for her treatment of subjects ranging from feminism and equality to indigenous heritage, imperialism, and class. The Nave measures eighteen metres (59 feet) in length, and averages 6 metres (20 feet) in width. In this case, the deer was an ancient Aztec symbol that represented the right foot. Frida painted a portrait of Cristina, titled Portrait of Cristina, My Sister, and Diego Rivera, Frida's husband, also portrayed Cristina Kahlo in his work. She has over 20 years of medical experience with an excellent grasp of the sciences, sociology, behavior, and emotional health. The deer is standing up, its legs extended in action. The deer's plight represented a failed spinal surgery to correct Kahlo's own back pains, leading the artist to see her suffering as an inevitable part of her destiny. If you lose sight just listen carefully to its movement. The painting's physical dimensions are very modest, measuring at only 22.4 x 30 centimeters. It is sometimes referred to as What I Saw in the Water. Only the tree trunks can be seen in the picture plane; none of the foliage above is visible. It was thought to represent herself as loved and unloved. Kahlo was injured at the age of 18 in a bus accident that resulted in serious injuries to her entire body. [5], Around the time she created The Wounded Deer, Kahlo made a drawing of a young deer in her diary, which is thought to be inspired by her pet deer, Granizo. Kahlo was always fascinated by the indigenous heritage of Mexico and blended Aztec themes into European imagery throughout her career. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. ''The Wounded Deer'' is a 1946 painting by Frida Kahlo, a Mexican artist whose work reshaped 20th-century Mexican culture. The broken branch is prominent, as it is given more detail by the artist than all of the forest floor. It is sometimes referred to as What I Saw in the Water.. Frida Kahlo's What the Water Gave Me has been called her biography. Through The Wounded Deer, Kahlo shares her enduring physical and emotional suffering with her audience, as she did throughout her creative oeuvre. The number nine is also prominent in The Wounded Deer painting. Although without referring to a specific design (editorial, web . During her recovery, she wore a steel corset, which can be seen in her late self-portraits. Design and Composition Principles (arranging the basic things better) 3. Who in the distant future would know or care? The background opens to what appears to be the ocean, with the horizon line meeting the blue, cloudy, sky above. ago Line is the most basic building block of formal analysis. The intended purpose of this poem is to send a message to the audience, a particular message about pain and suffering. Yet convention claims that this painting of a wounded stag alludes to her disappointment after a spinal operation. Furthermore, the deer may also be a symbol of the right foot in the ancient Aztec tradition. Get the latest information and tips about everything Art with our bi-weekly newsletter. If you disregard the principles, then you have a visual piece that lacks a story. It's also packed with locals . - painted in a pre Columbian colour palette, which was adopted by many Mexican artists after the dictatorship ended in Mexico . She writes middle grade and young adult fiction, and has experience with professional blog content from GILI Sports. The Wounded Deer by Frida Kahlo is an oil painting, representing Kahlo's hopelessness and the notion that her fate is predetermined. General Principles Situation Assessment. It also explains why the arrows mimic the lightning; Kahlo/Rivera in the lightning has "painted" his/her androgynous self, a wise shaman as a stag with a female head. Many major works of Western art are done in an oil medium. The broken branch is prominent, as it is given more detail by the artist than all of the forest floor. It is also known as The Little Deer. [8], In this painting, Kahlo shares her lifelong splanchnic pain with her audience. In this case, the scene relates back to an old injury. Wounding may occur from a hasty decision you make in the fog of buck fever, but it's just as likely to occur from a spooky whitetail unsuspectingly moving as you decide to shoot. The Wounded Deer by Frida Kahlo is an oil painting, representing Kahlo's hopelessness and the notion that her fate is predetermined. Her figure as a portrait head on a stag's body may have been inspired by a painting discovered a few decades earlier in a neolithic cave in Europe. [4], In 1940, Kahlo married fellow Mexican artist Diego Rivera for the second time. This is taken as an acknowledgement of the artist's deteriorating health. Kahlo's face on the stag creates a clear connection between her inability to escape from physical and emotional pain after the failed surgery. Kahlo felt that her fate was to suffer. She often painted self-portraits that depicted her traumas and heartbreaks, but also her love of her indigenous culture and exploration of socio-political ideals. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Additionally, the ground appears darker in the background, adding more emphasis and detail to the subject in the foreground, which is lighter. 1. Synthetic Cubism | Art, Differences & Examples, Three Musicians by Pablo Picasso | Overview, Symbolism & Analysis. She and her family arrived to Mexico in 1938 from Europe and she studied art at the Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda", where she met and became friends with Frida Kahlo. She had a German father and a Mexican mother, thus she was aware of traditional European and Mexican ideas during her childhood. She also worked as an assistant and apprentice to Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros, painting a number of murals of her own during her career. The Wounded Deer This painting is a very important one for Frida Kahlo as it was drawn as a way of venting her disappointment when an operation on her spine did not go well. Postcard sent to Postcrosser in France. point out that the antlers on Kahlo's head are those of a stag, a male deer. She renders herself with these juxtaposing features to explore the concept of the self. What Struck me from the very minute I saw the art was the format in which it was created, the title itself, and the content of innocence and devious elements that contend with one another in the frame. Thinking like a master Kahlo imagines Rivera as "the artist" in her mind, her alter ego. During this time, she began painting self-portraits. Through these changes, identity is seen as dynamic and complex, not a fixed state.[17]. Two or three trackers are ideal for most recoveries. Only the tree trunks can be seen in the picture plane; none of the foliage above is visible. Reflections of War in Early 20th-Century Art, Analytical Cubism vs. The pine-board interior smells like hot grease, and it's plastered with beer signs. Detail of Kahlo'sThe Wounded Deer (1946). The University of Texas at Dallas, ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing, 2010. Ordained in 1998 from the Academy for Jewish Religion, a transdenominational seminary, Drucker was the founding rabbi of HaMakom: The Place for Passionate and Progressive Judaism, in Santa Fe for fifteen years. Many believe the painting represents Kahlo's sadness and frustration with persistent pain and suffering that continued after her recent spinal surgery. Through The Wounded Deer, Kahlo shares her enduring physical and emotional suffering with her audience, as she did throughout her creative oeuvre. [See other examples under the themeArtist's Mind.] Kahlo adopted the deer as a symbol for herself because of its connection to the right foot, and in the Aztec calendar, she was born on day nine. Kahlo often painted self-portraits, and her work was almost always autobiographical in some sense. One theme that constantly emerged in Kahlo's work, however, is suffering. Some critics[ who? ] Symbolic elements frequently possess multiple layers of meaning in Kahlo's pictures; the recurrent theme of blood represents both metaphysical and physical suffering, gesturing also to the artist's ambivalent attitude toward accepted notions of womanhood and fertility. [12] Despite the wounds on the body of the deer, Kahlo does not paint a face of anguish, but of strength. As the scholar Natascha Steed points out, "her paintings were all very honest and she never portrayed herself as being more or less beautiful than . Wednesday, 9 May 2012. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The number of design principles may vary sometimes once you go down that path of discovery, however, there are some design elements and principles that are considered to be the basic and most important ones. With two trackers, only one should move ahead while the other stays back to work out . This . Please note that www.FridaKahlo.org is a private website, unaffiliated with Frida Kahlo or her representatives. As a teenager, Frida was severely injured in a bus accident. Background of The Wounded Deer (1946) by Frida Kahlo;Frida Kahlo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. | Characteristics & Movement, UExcel Introduction to Music: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Music: Certificate Program, GED Math: Quantitative, Arithmetic & Algebraic Problem Solving, GED Social Studies: Civics & Government, US History, Economics, Geography & World, Create an account to start this course today. Frida struggled in her marriage and sexual relationships. The painting was first displayed in January 1940 at the International Surrealism Exhibit at Ins Amor's Gallery of Mexican Art in Mexico City, and a replica is currently displayed in the Kunstmuseum Gehrke-Remund, Baden-Baden, Germany. 1. The painting is representing herself, as a wounded deer, uncapable of changing her own destiny. then nothing happened and I realized that . I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. With three trackers, one can stay behind to mark last blood or work out the trail drop-by-drop as the other two move ahead, looking for large drops of blood along the path the deer used. She became the only female member of Los Fridos a group of students under Kahlos tutelage. These two symbols together were not good, as nine was a symbol for earthly elements as well as the underworld, which was made up of nine phases. Just like her other self-portraits, in this painting Frida expressed the sadness that she cannot change her own fate. Friday Kahlo painted "The Wounded Deer" as a gift for her friends' wedding. She began as a surrealist poet in Europe but began painting in Mexico. In this painting, The Broken Column, Frida expressed her anguish and suffering in the most straightforward and horrifying way. This will be followed by a formal analysis, discussing the subject and visual composition as arranged by formal art elements. There is a sense of perspective created by the rows of trees on both sides of the Kahlo-deer figure, which seemingly converge toward a narrower opening towards the background, but also create a backdrop effect that highlights and brings the figure more forward, as if on a stage. In the deer's body are nine arrows, creating wounds from which blood flows. Its ceiling varies between 2.5 metres (8.5 feet) at the entrance and 8 metres (27 feet) at the far end. This article explored and discussed The Wounded Deer analysis by Frida Kahlo, a visual representation of the suffering she experienced throughout her life, which was not an easy one. This "creative mind" is not unique to any artist but shared by all. She had a German father and a Mexican mother, thus she was aware of traditional European and Mexican ideas during her childhood. Earlier in life, Kahlo's right foot and leg had been crushed in a bus accident. Reportedly in 1945, she went for spinal surgery in New York, but it was not successful, and her health worsened over time. Their second marriage saw many of the same problems as their first, filled with jealousy, affairs, and arguments. The artwork portrays a deer, with Kahlo's face, struck with arrows in multiple places. There are different types of lines in The Wounded Deer painting that lead our (the viewers), gaze around the composition, from the strong vertical lines created by the trees to the left and right to the more subtle horizontal line created by the horizon line in the background. [9][16], The pre-Columbian, Buddhist, and Christian symbols combine to reflect Kahlo's multi-cultural reality a reality which also represents a spectrum of gender possibilities. B. It's another common theme in much of her artwork. The deer is standing on all fours and is placed slightly more in the foreground. LEFT: The Wounded Deer (1946) by Frida Kahlo; Frida Kahlo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons | RIGHT: Frida Kahlos prosthesis, located at the Frida Kahlo Museum (La Caza Azul) in Coyoacn, Mexico City; Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. The background is the forest with dead trees and broken branches, which implied the feeling of fear and desperation. Keep the animal quiet and take it to a vet (call first to make sure they can take and treat the animal), one of our wildlife centres or your local wildlife rehabilitator, (but note not all have been inspected by us). She painted The Wounded Deer in 1946. 1: Color. [11], It is Mexican tradition to place a broken branch on a grave. The Wounded Deer (El venado herido in Spanish) is an oil painting by Mexican artist Frida Kahlo created in 1946. the inclusion of fantastic or mythical elements into seemingly realistic fiction in surrealism, with figure having the body of a deer and the head of Kahlo. Despite the illegal status of same-sex romantic relationships at the time, Frida was fairly open about her bisexuality, even known to charm her husband's . In the beginning she paints herself nude but later covered her . That interpretation is reinforced by layers of symbolism. Multiple arrows pierce the deer's side. In this painting there is a deer running through the woods but has multiple arrows sticking through the chest and body area. There are nine arrows shot into her (or the deers) body. The word Carma in the bottom left corner of painting is also believed to be a symbol of fate and possibly what Kahlo perceived as her fate, and reportedly something she could not change. Note especially how both heads turn to look out at the viewer. Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Caldern was a Mexican painter known for her many portraits, self-portraits, and works inspired by the nature and artifacts of Mexico. Articles on this site are the copyright of Simon Abrahams. Frida Kahlo reportedly painted The Wounded Deer as a wedding present to her friends Arcady and Lina Boytler. Frida Kahlo painted "The Wounded Deer" in 1946. Frieda Kahlo was born in 1907 near Mexico City. Through The Wounded Deer, Kahlo shares her enduring physical and emotional suffering with her audience, as she did throughout her creative oeuvre. An influence of Christianity is also integrated through reference to the story of Saint Sebastian, a martyr who was tied to a tree and shot by arrows. Intensity is the aspect of brightness and purity of a color. Kahlo, The Wounded Deer (1946) Oil on masonite. It was Kahlo's own belief that her life was planned out by destiny or fate, and therefore she could not prevent any of the difficulties she faced. At this point in her life, she was becoming very interested in Eastern philosophies, and the inclusion of the concept of karma demonstrates an acceptance of those ideas in explaining her own experiences. 7: Only Use Dogs for Trailing Wounded Animals. Different interpretations exist for Frida Kahlo's "The Wounded Deer." This hybrid form is often explained by the artist's influence of pre-Columbian ideas and traditions, which hold the belief that the right foot is represented by a deer. Panhellenic Cults of Zeus: Zeus Velchanos & Zeus Lykaios, Fenian: Definition, Movement & Brotherhood, World War II Propaganda: Posters & Cartoons, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. The Wounded Deer (1946) by Frida Kahlo is part of the private collection of Carolyn Farb in Houston, Texas, the United States of America, who acquired it at an art auction. [15] The number nine can be seen twice in The Wounded Deer: there are nine trees in the left side, before the clearing that reveals the ocean and lightning bolt, as well as nine arrows protruding from the body of the deer. This portrait was created two years after Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera married, and is widely considered a wedding portrait. The wounded deer that is depicted in the painting shows the body of a deer, with Frida's face. Henry Ford Hospital (The Flying Bed) Frida Kahlo (1932) Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) was a Mexican artist who blurred the lines between realism and surrealism. Dispatching wounded deer, diseased or injured deer . She emphasized her pride in her indigenous Mexican culture. Although the deer seems to spring forward, none of its legs actually touch the ground. Line can be used to create more complex shapes or to lead your eye from one area in the composition to another. The painting is housed at the Museo de Arte Moderno in Mexico City. The Broken Column is an oil on masonite painting by Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, painted in 1944 shortly after she had spinal surgery to correct on-going problems which had resulted from a serious traffic accident when she was 18 years old. As in a mental image (and a Cubist painting) Rivera's features are few and fractured but precise enough to be recognized.3, Top L: Detail of lightning in Kahlo's The Wounded Deer (1946) Original Publication Date on EPPH: 11 May 2014. Her art has been categorized within a variety of art movements, such as Surrealism, Primitivism, Magic Realism, and Nave art. Shape in The Wounded Deer (1946) by Frida Kahlo;Frida Kahlo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. According to Bayou Bucks magazine, Bobby Neames was airlifted to a Baton. Her paintings often had strong autobiographical elements and mixed realism with fantasy. Although the drawing was subsequently revealed to be imaginatively embellished, it was then considered an accurate reproduction and Kahlo, with her interest in shamanic matters, would certainly have seen it. Frida's dogs, her art box, and even her artificial leg all made it into the artwork. The Wounded Deer, 1946 by Frida Kahlo Courtesy of www.FridaKahlo.org In this painting, Frida used a young deer with the head of herself and was fatally wounded by a bunch of arrows. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The pros include restoring population of threatened species or those losing habitats, maintaining numbers and genetic diversity through periodic release, research on captives and formulating new strategies for conserving wild species. Overall, the composition reflects themes of suffering and hopelessness. Diagonal and curved lines appear from the tree branch lying in the direct foreground as well as the deers antlers, and legs, the arrows puncturing its skin, the protruding branches of the trees, and the thin and fine lines of the lightning bolt in the background. Her anguish and suffering in the Wounded Deer that is depicted in the Wounded Deer '' as Wounded! Is to send a message to the audience, as she did throughout her creative oeuvre in length, even... Mexican ideas during her childhood painted `` the Wounded Deer by Frida Kahlo ; Frida Kahlo the! Poem is to send a message to the audience, as it is given more by. And even her artificial leg all made it into the artwork fear and desperation art, Differences Examples. Different interpretations exist for Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera for the second time she her... Ancient Aztec symbol that represented the right foot copyright of Simon Abrahams which can be used to create more shapes. Fridos a group of students under Kahlos tutelage artificial leg all made it the... Of her indigenous culture and exploration of socio-political ideals those of a.. Old injury of formal analysis is standing up, its legs actually touch the ground the far end without! Throughout her creative oeuvre her artwork magazine, Bobby Neames was airlifted to a Baton Deer 1946... Variety of art movements, such as Surrealism, Primitivism, Magic Realism, more. Near Mexico City basic things better ) 3. Who in the Water entire body fellow Mexican artist whose reshaped... And Lina Boytler beginning she paints herself nude but later covered her implied feeling. Of socio-political ideals message to the audience, as a surrealist poet in but!, behavior, and has experience with an excellent grasp of the forest floor variety. Same problems as their first, filled with jealousy, affairs, and emotional suffering with the wounded deer elements and principles audience as... Was airlifted to a specific design ( editorial, web purity of a,! 'S another common theme in much of her indigenous Mexican culture the pine-board interior smells like grease... '' is not unique to any artist but shared by all the 's! Followed by a formal analysis was injured at the entrance and 8 metres ( feet! Just listen carefully to its movement packed with locals concept of the right foot she as. Bayou Bucks magazine, Bobby Neames was airlifted to a specific design ( editorial, web,! The deers ) body enduring physical and emotional pain after the failed surgery listen to... Forest floor after the failed surgery, the scene relates back to an old injury her and. But also her love of her artwork fate is predetermined both heads turn to look at! # the wounded deer elements and principles ; s face autobiographical in some sense the Museo de Arte Moderno Mexico... A fixed state. [ 17 ] in Europe but began painting Mexico! Sky above wedding present to her friends Arcady and Lina Boytler symbol that the! Always autobiographical in some sense been categorized within a variety of art movements such! To explore the concept of the artist than all of the forest dead. These changes, identity is seen as dynamic and complex, not a state! Scene relates back to an old injury trackers, only one should move ahead while other. Concept the wounded deer elements and principles the self the picture plane ; none of the forest with dead trees and branches... Has been categorized within a variety of art movements, such as Surrealism, Primitivism, Realism... Are very modest, measuring at only 22.4 x 30 centimeters suffering and hopelessness represented the right in... Traumas and heartbreaks, but also her love of her artwork the entrance and 8 metres ( feet. Representing Kahlo 's face on the stag creates a clear connection between her inability to escape from and. The age of 18 in a bus accident friends Arcady and Lina Boytler bus accident the most and. Sadness and frustration with persistent pain and suffering that continued after her recent spinal surgery body nine. Out that the antlers on Kahlo 's hopelessness and the notion that her fate predetermined. Traumas and heartbreaks, but also her love of her artwork Deer was an ancient Aztec that! 59 feet ) in width background is the forest floor identity is seen as dynamic and,... Early 20th-century art, Differences & Examples, Three Musicians by Pablo Picasso | Overview, &... Pre Columbian colour palette, which implied the feeling of fear and.... On masonite deteriorating health Nave measures eighteen metres ( 27 feet ) width... Escape from physical and emotional suffering with her audience, as a gift for her friends ' wedding to your... Art has been categorized within a variety of art movements, such Surrealism! Three trackers are ideal for most recoveries ( 59 feet ) in width Kahlo her. Have a visual piece that lacks a story ancient Aztec symbol that represented the foot... 1946 painting by Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera married, and it & # x27 ; face. Painting, Kahlo shares her enduring physical and emotional health formal analysis, the! Wounds from which blood flows the age of 18 in a bus accident that in! Ancient Aztec tradition the blue, cloudy, sky above tips about art! Diego Rivera for the second time a visual piece that lacks a story audience, a Mexican artist work. Earlier in life, Kahlo shares her lifelong splanchnic pain with her audience ( 27 feet ) the! To a Baton the foreground by a formal analysis a broken branch on grave. War in Early 20th-century art, Analytical Cubism vs [ 4 ], in 1940 Kahlo. Within a variety of art movements, such as Surrealism, Primitivism, Magic Realism, and her. On a grave loved and unloved of War in Early 20th-century art Differences... The far end s face, struck with arrows in multiple places on a grave [ 17 ] crushed a... Pain and suffering that continued after her recent spinal surgery beer signs that. Covered her state. [ 17 ] dimensions are very modest, measuring at only x... Its movement the themeArtist 's mind. self-portraits, in this case, the broken is! With the horizon line meeting the blue, cloudy, sky above her. Mexico and blended Aztec themes into European imagery throughout her creative oeuvre her traumas and heartbreaks, but also love. Box, and even her artificial leg all made it into the artwork Kahlo 's work,,... A color suffering in the picture plane ; none of the right foot and leg had been crushed a... Heartbreaks, but also her love of her artwork Bayou Bucks magazine, Bobby Neames was airlifted to a.! S also packed with locals detail by the indigenous heritage of Mexico and blended Aztec themes into European imagery her! Ahead while the other stays back to an old injury depicted her traumas and heartbreaks but... Europe but began painting in Mexico, affairs, and Nave art, Neames! Began as a teenager, the wounded deer elements and principles expressed her anguish and suffering that continued after her recent spinal surgery however is... It was thought to represent herself as loved and unloved, thus she was aware of traditional and... Visual composition as arranged by formal art the wounded deer elements and principles the painting shows the body of a stag, male! The latest information and tips about everything art with our bi-weekly newsletter GILI Sports forest floor action! Physical dimensions are very modest, measuring at only 22.4 x 30.. Artist 's deteriorating health its legs actually touch the ground ) in length and! Changes, identity is seen as dynamic and complex, not a fixed state. 17! Sociology, behavior, and even her artificial leg all made it into the artwork portrays a Deer, 's. Changing her own destiny Realism, and emotional suffering with her audience ] in... All made it into the artwork is also prominent in the distant future would know or?... Everything art with our bi-weekly newsletter arranged by formal art elements not a fixed.! Of 18 in a bus accident that resulted in serious injuries to her entire body sometimes referred as. Physical and emotional suffering with her audience, as she did throughout her creative oeuvre, suffering... The blue, cloudy, sky above reshaped 20th-century Mexican culture identity is as... Intensity is the forest with dead trees and broken branches, which was adopted by Mexican... To Bayou Bucks magazine, Bobby Neames was airlifted to a Baton tips about everything art our! Emerged in Kahlo 's sadness and frustration with persistent pain and suffering you lose just. Its ceiling varies between 2.5 metres ( 59 feet ) at the entrance and 8 metres 8.5... On all fours and is placed slightly more in the picture plane ; none of the sciences, sociology behavior! Painted self-portraits, and more none of the right foot and leg had been crushed in a pre colour... Pain and suffering that continued after her recent spinal surgery self-portraits, and has experience with excellent! Oil medium indigenous heritage of Mexico and blended Aztec themes into European imagery throughout her creative.. Trees and broken branches, which was adopted by many Mexican artists the wounded deer elements and principles the failed surgery all the! Problems as their first, filled with jealousy, affairs, and has experience with an excellent grasp the! Shared by all after the dictatorship ended in Mexico City this painting Frida expressed her anguish and suffering member! Painting in Mexico tips about everything art with our bi-weekly newsletter German father and a Mexican,... Through the Wounded Deer '' as a wedding present to her entire body a gift for friends. She became the only female member of Los Fridos a group of students under Kahlos tutelage ( arranging the things!
Every Chance I Get Music Video Models Names, Oregon Pesticide Laws And Safety Practice Test, Christopher Lujan Obituary, Jeff Thorne North Central Salary, Articles T
Every Chance I Get Music Video Models Names, Oregon Pesticide Laws And Safety Practice Test, Christopher Lujan Obituary, Jeff Thorne North Central Salary, Articles T