A PsychInfo search (6/05) for "Beck Depression Inventory" or BAI anywhere revealed that the BDI has been referenced in 9,013 peer-reviewed journal articles. Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. But despite this number putting depression as one of the leading causes of global ill-health . 0 I do not feel sad. Pearson Assessments. As expected, t-test analysis revealed that BDI-II scores discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population. (2004). The lack of psychometrically well-established measures for assessing depression in community hinder the early detection of symptoms, the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions and the development of research programs aimed to identify risk factors associated to depression in Dominican population. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is world-wide among the most used self-rating scales for measuring depression. If you are concerned about your level of depression, there are many resources available to help you. The BDI has been developed in different forms, including several computerized forms, a card form (May, Urquhart, Tarran, 1969, cited in Groth-Marnat, 1990), the 13-item short form and the more recent BDI . Finally, the PUC value indicates that 68% of the correlations are influenced by the general factor. Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. The total score (ranging . Carmody (2005) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with a diverse group of college students. This disorder is characterized by changes in sleep, appetite and psychomotricity, decreased concentration and decision-making ability, loss of self-confidence, feelings of inferiority or worthlessness and guilt, as well as despair and recurrent thoughts of death with ideation, planning and/or suicidal acts. The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. [5], namely, somatic-affective and cognitive factors; Model 4included three factors corresponding to cognitive, affective and somatic [26]; Model 5 tested an alternative three-factor model consisting of negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [27] (Table 1). Background. This version of the inventory consists of 21 items, in which four response options are presented on a scale of 0 to 3. Earlier, most psychiatrists believed that the cause of depression was related to the Freudian . Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26(4), 446-462. The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week. Learn more about accessibility at UWMadison. 4. All participants agreed to participate voluntarily and provided written consent prior to complete the inventory and after information about purposes of the study were provided. Developing a culturally appropriate depression prevention program: The Family Coping Skills Program. Mult Scler. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. (This is a sampling of the literature in this area. International Journal of Testing, 7, 293-309. Author: Aaron T. Beck. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(3), 381-385. Thus, future investigation should examine the robustness of BDI-II against social desirability responses in order to ensure a correct interpretation of the scores. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. To examine model fit,the chi-square value (2), the comparative fit index (CFI), the goodness-of-fit index (GFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). This method has demonstrated to be statistically more powerful for controlling Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [52]. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, 1203 Words; 5 Pages; Copyright: 2018 Garca-Batista et al. Sanz, Perdign, & Vsquez (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish adaptation of the BDI-II with 470 non-clinical adults. Common depression assessment tools differ widely in the symptoms they ask about. The Beck Depression Test is a type of psychological test which is used to measure the intensity of mental depression. View PDF. Convergent validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale in psychiatric inpatients. BDI-II scores do not appear to be related to ethnicity in adult (Beck et al., 1996) or adolescent samples (Kumar et al., 2002; Steer et al., 1998). Health action to be taken in form of counselling about the pros and cons in the early phase can prevent future complications. Subica et al. Interpretation. Additionally, more sophisticated analysis into the BDI-II factor structure including hierarchical and bifactor models have been tested. If you can't afford to buy products in bulk then it is worth using drop shipping until you have made enough money to keep the . The test-retest and internal consistency data have been replicated in numerous studies, including adults and adolescents, with similar findings. Read our. The Beck Depression Inventory or BDI is an assessment method to evaluate the most important symptoms of depression. The authors suggested that the measures not be used interchangeably since they may be assessing different aspects of depression. The items are experiences related to anxiety such as "Fear of worst happening" or "Heart pounding/racing". This paper, therefore, evaluates the instrument, looking at its design and format, its Psychometric properties, strengths, and weaknesses. An inventory for measuring depression. Please contact the author of the questionnaire for use permissions. Psychometric properties of the Spanish Beck Depression Inventory-II in a medical sample. Convergent validity of the Beck Depression Inventory for Youth. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Sprinkle, S.D., Lurie, D., Insko, S.L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G.L., Logan, A.R., & Bissada, N.N. The CDI is used to scale the severity of depressive symptoms in children. Therefore, findings cannot be generalized and further replication in both representative samples from general population and clinical samples are needed. The CDI is a tool that mental health professionals use to measure the cognitive, affective, and behavioral signs of depression in children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17. BDI-II scores are correlated with scores on the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the MMPI-A, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised; and BDI-II scores discriminate between adolescents who do and do not meet DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive disorder (Krefetz et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2002). Secondly, to examine the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Dominican Republic. Mood Disorder (Depressive, Bipolar) and Symptoms (e.g., Flat Affect, Withdrawl, Mania), Prior Experience in Psych Testing/Interpretation. Its development marked a shift among health care professionals, who had until then viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the patients own thoughts. Although the measure can be used for adolescents, the norms were gathered with adults. Chandra Ghosh Ippen, Ph.D., Connie Wong, M.A. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 315-320. In practice, this finding implies that BDI-II items can be summed to form an overall score, with higher total scores indicating greater level of depression severity [32]. What are the pros and cons of formal diagnostic classification of mental disorders? Norms were based on a predominantly Caucasian sample. The Beck Depression Inventory can be a helpful tool in assessing your level of distress but should not be used as a replacement for professional help. Alexithymia and dissociative tendencies in an adolescent sample from Eastern Turkey. Grothe, K.B., Dutton, G.R., Jones, G.N., Bodenlos, J., Ancona, M., & Brantley, P.J. How do they differ and what does this mean for depression research? Eidhin, M.N., Sheehy, N., OSullivan, M., & McLeavey, B. As such, it would be valuable to test the invariance measurement of the BDI-II factor structure found in this study across different samples in order to examine the robustness of the affective component as a single and differentiated domain of depression. Eaton WW, Neufeld K, Chen LS, Cai G. A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up. The first revision occurred in 1979, also popularized as BDI-I A, differs from the . The BDI was first published in 1961 by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist who is considered the father of cognitive therapy. Beck and colleagues developed the original scale in 1961 for use with adolescents and adults (Dozois, Dobson, & Anhberg, 1998). Psychol Assess. Its construct validity has also been tested successfully by comparing scores with other measures for depression. lack of information when it comes to applying the test to other medias. Sanz, J., Perdign, A.L., & Vzquez, C. (2003). Validity and Reliability. In Dominican Republic the scientific research on depression is absent [55] which may negatively impact the development of cultural sensitive evidence-based interventions. Overview: Measure negative attitudes about the future. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. Individuals with chronic trauma since childhood sometimes respond by circling a zero because they do not feel worse than "usual.". (2004). Several factor structure models, including one-factor, two-factor, three-factor and bifactor models were tested with the purport to determine the optimal factor structure. Use of the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory for screening depression in primary care. Chron Respir Dis. Google Scholar. Simith, S.D., Schwartz, R.C., George, R.G., & Panke, D. (2004). It contains 21 items, and a patient has to rate them all on a scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition. Results are summarized in Table 2. The psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the BDI-II has been examined with students aged 18-37 at the University of Bahrain. From a practical standpoint, the lack of assessment tools for depression may not make available protocols for early identification of depression symptoms at primary care units. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Enhanced priming for trauma-related material in posttraumatic stress disorder. 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