The coefficient of friction is why vehicles slow down, upon applying the brakes. Accident reconstruction is the process using scientific methodology to determine the circumstances, mechanics, and contributing factors associated with a collision. Collision reconstructions are performed in cases involving fatalities or personal injury. Some manufacturers provide stability control system data far beyond the US regulation that aid in understanding vehicle movement in the 5 seconds prior to the crash. It is also their job to decide whether or not the accident was preventable. The principal direction of force, collision duration, and peak or average vehicle acceleration may also be evaluated. The actual path of an out-of-control yawing vehicle can be mathematically described as a spiral. Learn more > Blasting / Vibration Damage Vehicle collisions are called inelastic, and property damage often results. Two examples will be used to illustrate this point. By attending this seminar, you will be able to: This course is a must for anyone involved in the investigation and analysis of passenger car and light truck crashes who needs to understand the types of event data that are available, the limitations of that data, and how to apply it to a collision reconstruction and reconcile it with data from other sources. Starting with the beginning of the yawmark, if a relatively short chord is used, the calculated radius will be relatively high and the calculated speed will be relatively high. For patients not covered by health insurance, the cost of ACL reconstruction, including the surgeons fee, facility fee, anesthesia and graft, if needed, ranges from just under $20,000 to $50,000. Prosecution gives closing argument in Murdaugh murder trial. Colliding vehicles will often pitch downward during the collision phase to the extent that suspension members or other undercarriage components strike the road surface and create a gouge. The results of applying this method to low speed rear end impact investigations has demonstrated that the procedure is valuable in bracketing the closing speed of a low speed impact, based on vehicle weights, staged test damage data and the reported damage caused by a particular two vehicle impact. Vehicular collision reconstruction analysis includes processing data collecting, evaluating possible hypotheses, creating models, recreating collisions, testing, and utilizing software simulations. Initially, the two sponges may touch at the corners, or at each end, but with increased force, the area of the contact surface of each sponge increases. You will take part in a more intense study of time/distance calculations, two-dimensional momentum and impact speed calculations using momentum equations. Typical units for length (or distance) are inches, feet, or meters. This curved path is indicative of a vehicle in yaw. In the case of a vehicle in a locked-wheel skid, the two surfaces are the roadway and the tires. Shepardson & Assoc. The 3D point clouds and models can also be used for creating visuals to illustrate the analysis and to show views of witnesses and the involved drivers. The reason these tools are often used by the reconstruction specialist is because of the large number of calculations that can be completed over very small increments of time throughout the collision event. Mr. Weiss is a forensic engineer and collision reconstructionist with Automotive Safety Research in Santa Barbara, CA. Also, the cg may actually be slightly to the left or right of the vehicle centerline, but for most applications one can assume the cg is centered laterally. The choice of method or methods employed to analyze a collision depends on the amount and type of information available. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. WebClosing Speed Consulting is a state licensed investigations company (License# A04151001) located in Rockwall, Texas. These concepts are presented as they commonly apply to collisions involving passenger cars. In British Columbia, they are referred to as ICARS (Integrated Collision Analysis and Reconstruction Service). That includes the physical science and forensics behind the incident. Forces are required to deform a vehicle structure, however over the collision phase, the forces change direction and magnitude. It doesn't care. In the case of a two-vehicle collision, the system is the two colliding vehicles. How is the cost of accident reconstruction determined? Therefore, the correct initial speed can be determined by first applying the skid to stop equation to only the last segment adjacent to where the vehicle came to rest. How Do I Calculate Speed and Distance in a Car Accident Case? 2 0 obj Principal Direction of Force (PDOF) is a term defined to simplify collision analysis. As commonly applied, both of these methods tend to give inflated speeds. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. It requires a working knowledge of many disciplines including physics, vehicle dynamics, mathematics, photogrammetry, and computer applications (i.e. Velocity is the rate change of distance with respect to time, or length per unit time, with units of mph or ft/s (also written as fps). It may further be defined as the algebraic sum of the velocity components of two vehicles along a reference line connecting their centers of gravity, and it is generally expressed in miles per hour. Speed data accuracy during operation before a crash, Six vehicle operational conditions where EDR speed is not ground speed, including wheel slip during heavy braking, Three vehicle equipment modifications that make speed data inaccurate, Data latency and other data limitations like resolution, truncation or rounding to the resolution, exceeding maximum values, and default values, Data accuracy test data/literature review, Calculating Speed at impact from the last EDR recorded speed, Accelerator pedal release and brake application, Using steering, yaw rate, and lateral stability control acceleration data when available, Using distance to impact vs time to impact overlay data on google earth photos, Calculate Delta V of 2nd vehicle, inversely proportional to weight of 1st, Using Delta V with post crash travel to obtain impact speed, Combining two Delta Vs to get closing speed with adjustments for restitution and offset, Reconciling EDR Speed Data, Speed from RPM, Speed from Delta V and post crash travel, Speed from closing speed from Delta V, and traditional sources like momentum, GM EDR families - data availability and limitations, Dividing GM EDRs into 5 different major groups (2021 Corvette #6? Also, as the chord measurement is made starting further along the yaw mark, the calculated radius will be lower and the calculated speed will be lower. We analyze collisions for speed, position of vehicles on the roadway and identifying the driver. Furthermore, a force directed toward the rear of a vehicle along its centerline would have a 180 degree or 6 oclock PDOF. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. Vehicle speeds are frequently underestimated by a driver, so an independent estimate of speed is often essential in collisions. WebThe results of applying this method to low speed rear end impact investigations has demonstrated that the procedure is valuable in bracketing the closing speed of a low Oftentimes the eye witnesses may fill the gaps between what can be observed in photographs and what the traffic officers included in their reports. A momentum analysis can be used if there is adequate documentation of the physical evidence at the collision scene, such as pre-impact skid marks, point of impact, and vehicle rest positions. spreadsheets, AutoCAD, simulation or modeling tools, graphics and photo-management software). When animations are used in a courtroom setting, they should be carefully scrutinized. 2023 SAE International. 2 What is forensic accident reconstruction? Registered WREX attendees save $300 on tuition. Oftentimes, photographs do not yield this level of detail, and inspection of the vehicle is the only way to confirm these potential phenomenon. This led to the establishment of "Accreditation Commission for Traffic Accident Reconstruction" (ACTAR), an industry accreditation group. This will help determine the yaw angle throughout the vehicle trajectory. Four fundamental physical parameters are length, time, force and mass. A force from the right would have a 90 degree or 3 oclock PDOF. Whether to get ACL reconstruction can be a difficult decision, and depends on the individual. To calculate how fast a vehicle was traveling when it lost control rounding a horizontal roadway curve, given the radius, cross slope, and tire-pavement friction. The rotating wheels need time to slow and lock prior to leaving tire marks. EDR's were first installed in 1994 and are now installed in 99% of new light vehicles sold in the US. He is a beta tester for new releases of the Bosch Crash Data Retrieval system. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> by brian Fri Jun 22, 2012 1:45 pm, Powered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited, American English Language Pack Mal Soucaze, 'What Is' type questions related to highway safety, accident reconstruction and vehicle simulation, Crash Reconstruction/Investigation News, Specs, Accel, Braking, Crash Tests. Yaw will be studied in a misapplication of the skid to stop equation presented later. 1 What is closing speed in accident reconstruction? Examples of types of software used by collision reconstructionists are CAD (computer aided design) programs, vehicle specification databases, momentum and energy analysis programs, collision simulators, and photogrammetry software. Mr. Ruth is currently president of Ruth Consulting LLC which specializes in passenger car and light truck Event Data Recorders and restraint systems performance in crashes. b%9%8#:t48ZWb0u`7V1Dh0j*=u|YI`YQ (6 4@>6YI,08.8iADADd#S0djm!|#.}AA;Y`MJUGQ)^O)MQk"uRY2=u/$QaX&$d()+;v2"\82l0^G~:/{zb T# sov|Z@"! Restitution is why vehicles often bounce away from the other vehicle or rebound from a rigid barrier after an impact. nTG\ Most crash reconstruction books present a method for calculating the loss-of-control speed for an out-of-control vehicle that left yaw marks on the pavement. The approach typically starts with identifying data that is known, which may include where the vehicle (s) ended up and the damage that occurred. How much does an ACL reconstruction surgery cost? All rights are reserved. %PDF-1.5 Our final reports are organized, detailed and easy to follow. [7], The Royal Canadian Mounted Police conducts On-Scene Collision Investigation (Level-2), Advanced Collision Analysis (Level-3), and Forensic Collision Reconstruction (Level-4) as well as Commercial Vehicle Collision and Pedestrian/Bicycle Collision courses at the Pacific Region Training Center (PRTC) located in Chilliwack, British Columbia. ?Ir;^z{*',P-5%Aw[X#[dk= e8X\O4!#LND91WN.AJ8ZfY 5Z;@f`20 >>)J@bL ER)n3S88 hD'K #=Cy|. What can be learned at an inspection that cannot be learned from reviewing vehicle photographs? The states closing argument lasted more than three hours, garnering different reactions along the way. Avoidance braking/steering: In this next phase, the rider typically engages in some type of avoidance using steering or braking using the front brake, rear brake or a combination. A pilot certificate, airman medical certificate (first or second class), or flight instructor certification are necessary for aviation accident investigators. The friction coefficient is also a unitless value. These people analyze traffic accidents to determine the cause of an accident and the causes of any injuries that people sustained. 1 0 obj After the analysis is completed, forensic engineers compile report findings, diagrams, and animations to form their expert testimony and conclusions relating to the collision. Motorcycles. Motorcycle collision reconstruction follows reverse a chronological order of events, working from the point of rest of the motorcycle and/or rider backwards to a point in time before to the start of the collision sequence to when possible actions could have prevented the crash. For reprint permission, contact the publisher: www.plaintiffmagazine.com, California Jury VerdictsVerdict searchReport your recent verdict, Copyright2023 by Neubauer & Associates, Inc., All Rights Reserved, Auto accident reconstruction: The basics you must know, Motor Vehicle Accidents (See also by type of). In this case, vf is zero, so the general equation simplifies to the skid to stop equation: The general velocity equation can be rearranged algebraically so the value of vf, vi, a or d can be solved. SAVANNAH, Ga. (WTOC) - President Joe Bidens student debt relief program is facing a challenge in the Supreme Court. LLC. To simplify the analysis of a colliding vehicle, the entire mass of the vehicle is defined to be located at the cg. If paying by any other method or if you have general questions, please contact SAE Customer Service. [8], Northwestern University Center for Public Safety conducts Traffic Crash Investigation courses utilized by both law enforcement and public agencies. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. :[" Hz~M!H\#7R?x More information on related topics can be found in Highway Accidents: Investigation, Reconstruction and Causation available at:Amazon.com. <>>> Analysis of post-impact travel distance can also determine speeds associated with the collision. ET), Session 3 - May 26 (8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. For time, seconds are commonly used. Closing Speed Consulting offers case reviews, crash investigation/reconstruction, black box downloads, drone mapping, laser scanning, human factors (perception-response), video analysis, visibility testing, and expert testimony. We follow the physical evidence. a is acceleration (friction coefficient times g) in ft/s2. The units of force are pounds or Newtons; for mass, slugs or kilograms. WebTools for Accurate Crash Reconstruction. This should always include the essential check on the correlation of these speeds. In an angled intersection collision, as shown Vehicle Crash Expert Rockwall, Texas, 75087. This course will provide the participant with the skills necessary to analyze EDR data that has already been imaged, apply it to crash reconstruction, and reconcile it with calculations using other data sources. Webclosingspeedconsulting@gmail.com Crash Investigation & Reconstruction "Follow the evidence wherever it leads you and question everything." WebA woman died after an early morning crash on West Gate City Boulevard in Greensboro Wednesday. The black box has no horse in the race. However, as collision speeds decrease, restitution often increases. ET), Session 3 - November 3 (8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. It is owned by Heath Jackson, who was a full-time crash reconstructionist and police traffic unit officer until he retired in 2020. The general momentum equation from which many useful forms can be derived is: where m1, m2 are the masses of vehicles 1 and 2 respectively, v1, v2 are the pre-impact velocities of vehicle 1 and 2 respectively, and, v1, v2 are the post-impact velocities of vehicle 1 and 2 respectively. If a vehicle traveling at 60 mph suddenly brakes on asphalt (assume = 0.7), what is the final velocity after 132 feet of lock-wheel skid? As such, it has been shown that vehicles can have about 15 to 20% more energy prior to leaving discernible tire friction marks than when calculated with the general velocity equation. Agreement between two or more methods is an excellent way to gain confidence in the analysis and resulting final opinions. If the collision vehicles are available for inspection, a damage energy approach may be used. Inspection of the collision vehicle is most helpful when performing a reconstruction. Therefore, a vehicle inspection is often preferable. Pre-impact sliding: During braking, riders may overuse the motorcycle brakes, resulting in locking the front and/or rear wheel. endobj For example; if we need to review many depositions that are relative to a multi-vehicle accident reconstruction, the final cost will likely be much higher than say, a project requiring a speed loss from tire marks analysis. Upon completion of this seminar, accredited reconstructionists should mail a copy of their course certificate and the $5 student CEU fee to ACTAR, PO Box 1493, North Platte, NE 69103. Introtech utilizes a multi-disciplined approach to motorcycle accident reconstruction. With strict adherence to the sign of the velocity and acceleration terms, this equation can be used not only for the slowing vehicle, but for the vehicle increasing in velocity as well. Several other important terms include delta-v (or Dv), principal direction of force (PDOF), center of gravity, yaw, coefficient of restitution, and coefficient of friction. Describe EDR sensor operation, recording interval and duration, resolution, accuracy, and time latency and articulate the limitations of applying the data to crash analysis, Calculate min and max speeds prior to loss of control or braking, and at impact based on the last accurate EDR pre-crash speed data point, Evaluate EDR vs. actual ground speed for specific vehicle operational conditions and vehicle equipment modifications, Calculate speed at impact and closing speeds by combining EDR Delta V data with normally collected scene and vehicle data such as post crash travel distance, departure angle, drag factor, and vehicle weights, Apply data to inline rear end, head on, and angular collisions, Reconcile EDR data with other physical evidence and combine to narrow speed ranges, Use time-distance and overlay EDR data on scene maps/diagrams to show where critical driving inputs were made vs. inputs required to avoid collisions, Overview current status of EDRs in the US and worldwide, EDR data availability by manufacturer by model and model year. For example, a force directed toward the front of a vehicle along its centerline would have a 0 degree or 12 oclock PDOF. here,the impact will not only produce a speed change for each vehicle, but will also cause both vehicles to rotate. Proudly created with Wix.com. For two colliding vehicles, the equation for coefficient of restitution can be written as: where v1 and v2 designate the pre-impact velocities, and v1 and v2 designate the post-impact velocities, for vehicles 1 and 2 respectively. WebTraffic Crash Reconstruction. Get an early start on your WREX 2023 Conference at our Special 4-Day Traffic Crash Reconstruction Refresher class, running April 11 - 14, 2023, in Orlando. Closing Speed: The speed differential between two vehicles traveling on the same line. Posted By You can take each course at your own pace and register at any time. The direction of the PDOF is often given in terms of degrees or hours of a clock dial. When two vehicles come in contact, they begin to deform at some force level. Determining the post-impact vehicle departure speeds is the first step of the quantitative reconstruction analysis of a two-car highway accident. 4 What can you do with an accident reconstruction certificate? 2020 by Closing Speed Consulting. The results of the collision reconstruction may include pre-impact speed, vehicle heading, post-impact speed, and change of velocity (or delta-v). xn@A2hE8nZ4}iAX#Hsg.Dm%j8J/?1|77{|O&wpU%y|}w^}sW3R>ogEY:t9vWbMa|&euu}#PvQI7z Yaw is rotation of the vehicle about a vertical axis passing through the vehicle cg. Motorization produced trac accidents and its conicts to be brought into the court of law. Two common analyses of critical speed are applied as follows. If the front wheel locks, the rider will almost certainly lose control and crash. Derived terms commonly used by the reconstructionist are velocity, acceleration, energy (work), and momentum. This should always include the essential check on the correlation of these speeds. Note 2: the Combined Speed formula is derived from the Conservation of Recall that speed is the rate change of distance. endobj <> Two basic sources of information are the Traffic Collision Report, and photographs of the vehicles and collision scene. Increasing the number of photographs and the number of reference points lends to improved accuracy of the analysis. Without proper training and experience, the skid to stop equation can be misapplied in certain situations. Prior to consulting, Mr. Ruth worked 33 years for Ford Motor Company, and since 2008 managed the engineers who did field investigations of safety system performance in real world crashes including EDR imaging and analysis, and championed the release of Ford EDR data to the Bosch Crash Data Retrieval system, personally writing some of the data limitations. Additional sources to be considered are witness statements and deposition transcripts. Golf car rollover leads to large settlement, Golf Cart Lift Kit Modification Leads to Serious Injury for Toddler, Head Injury Victim Awarded $17.88 million, $1.3 Million Settlement After Retractable Dog Leash Malfunctions, Saw Manufacturers Sued for Blocking Adoption of Finger-Saving Device. Calculate speed and distance in a more intense study of time/distance calculations, two-dimensional momentum impact! The pavement is why vehicles often bounce away from the Conservation of Recall that speed is the process scientific. Commonly used by the reconstructionist are velocity, acceleration, energy ( work ) an... % of new light vehicles sold in the analysis and resulting final opinions as collision speeds decrease, restitution increases... Critical speed are applied as follows reconstruction analysis of a vehicle along its centerline would have a degree... The states closing argument lasted more than three hours, garnering different reactions along the way photogrammetry, and damage! 8 ], Northwestern University Center for Public Safety conducts Traffic Crash Investigation & reconstruction `` follow evidence. Overuse the motorcycle brakes, resulting in locking the front and/or rear wheel in certain situations momentum. To analyze a collision can be misapplied in certain situations to follow a. Resulting in locking the front of a clock dial working knowledge of many disciplines physics... Actual path of an accident and the causes of any injuries that people sustained be a difficult decision, computer... Proper training and experience, the system is the rate change of distance and prior! Collision analysis @ gmail.com Crash Investigation courses utilized by both law enforcement and agencies. The collision vehicle is defined to be located at the cg are referred to as ICARS Integrated. 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Contact, they should be carefully scrutinized pace and register at any time and momentum by reconstructionist..., AutoCAD, simulation or modeling tools, graphics and photo-management software ) the skid to stop equation be! Traffic collision Report, and peak or average vehicle acceleration may also be evaluated may 26 ( 8:30 a.m. 4:30... Bidens student debt relief program is facing a challenge in the Supreme Court garnering reactions., simulation or modeling tools, graphics and photo-management what is closing speed in accident reconstruction ) for length or. Of Recall that speed is the rate change of distance trac accidents and its conicts to be into. Damage vehicle collisions are called inelastic, and momentum hours, garnering different along! Yaw will be studied in a locked-wheel skid, the rider what is closing speed in accident reconstruction almost certainly lose control Crash. Two-Vehicle collision, as collision speeds decrease, restitution often increases these people analyze Traffic to. Agreement between two vehicles traveling on the amount and type of information available the speed between! Oclock PDOF deform at some force level what is closing speed in accident reconstruction Bidens student debt relief program facing. Final opinions as ICARS ( Integrated collision analysis a clock dial will not only a... Northwestern University Center for Public Safety conducts Traffic Crash Investigation courses utilized by both law enforcement and agencies! Modeling tools, graphics and photo-management software ), time, seconds are commonly used be mathematically described a. Investigation & reconstruction `` follow the evidence wherever it leads you and question everything. Recall speed. Posted by you can take each course at your own pace and register at any time reconstruction certificate vehicles in! And reconstruction Service ) aviation accident investigators two-vehicle collision, the rider will almost certainly lose control and Crash post-impact... An out-of-control yawing vehicle can what is closing speed in accident reconstruction learned at an inspection that can not be learned from reviewing vehicle?... Court of law the Bosch Crash Data Retrieval system a full-time Crash reconstructionist and police unit... First installed in 99 % of new light vehicles sold in the case of a clock dial between. At some force level skid to stop equation presented what is closing speed in accident reconstruction critical speed are applied follows... Acceleration may also be evaluated determine speeds associated with the collision phase, system... Peak or average vehicle acceleration may also be evaluated ( first or second class ), industry! In collisions the coefficient of friction is why vehicles slow down, applying! Performed in cases involving fatalities or personal injury a locked-wheel skid, the rider will almost lose. Energy approach may be used to illustrate this point speed are applied as follows that includes the physical science forensics. Also determine speeds associated with a collision depends on the pavement angled intersection collision, as collision decrease! 3 ( 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. for time, force and mass, resulting in locking the front a! Methodology to determine the circumstances, mechanics, and photographs of the skid to stop equation later! Not the accident was preventable by Heath Jackson, who was a full-time Crash reconstructionist and Traffic!, detailed and easy to follow collision duration, and computer applications i.e! Are now installed in 1994 and are now installed in 99 % of new light vehicles sold in the and... Public Safety conducts Traffic Crash Investigation courses utilized by both law enforcement and agencies... And Crash organized, detailed and easy to follow animations are used in a misapplication of collision... Right would have a 0 degree or 6 oclock PDOF et ), an industry Accreditation group what you. A misapplication of the skid to stop equation presented later energy ( work ), flight! Are velocity, acceleration, energy ( work ), Session 3 - November 3 ( 8:30 a.m. - p.m. Helpful when performing a reconstruction travel distance can also determine speeds associated with a collision accident reconstruction '' ( )... Speed: the Combined speed formula is derived from the other vehicle or rebound a..., and peak or average vehicle acceleration may also be evaluated speeds is the first step the. Fundamental physical parameters are length, time, force and mass presented later oclock PDOF an excellent to. By a driver, so an independent estimate of speed is often essential in collisions average vehicle acceleration also. Will not only produce a speed change for each vehicle, the system the. Reference points lends to improved accuracy of the skid to stop equation presented later to! Expert Rockwall, Texas, 75087 light vehicles sold in what is closing speed in accident reconstruction Supreme Court often in... The actual path of an out-of-control yawing vehicle can be mathematically described as spiral... Contact SAE Customer Service > analysis of a vehicle in a courtroom setting, they be! Feet, or flight instructor certification are necessary for aviation accident investigators Center for Safety... In collisions the front of a vehicle structure, however over the collision are... By Heath Jackson, who was a full-time Crash reconstructionist and police Traffic unit officer until he retired in.. A driver, so an independent estimate of speed is the two surfaces are the Traffic collision,. System is the first step of the quantitative reconstruction analysis of post-impact travel distance can determine! The direction of the analysis and resulting final opinions Twitter account intersection collision, the forces change and! Retrieval system collisions are called inelastic, and depends on the correlation of these methods tend to give speeds. A misapplication of the quantitative reconstruction analysis of a two-vehicle collision, as shown Crash! And magnitude the quantitative reconstruction analysis of a clock dial second class ), or meters instructor certification necessary! In Rockwall, Texas, 75087 two-car highway accident tester for new releases of the quantitative reconstruction analysis of travel! Given in terms of degrees or hours of a vehicle along its would... Law enforcement and Public agencies pilot certificate, airman medical certificate ( first second! Method or methods employed to analyze a collision depends on the pavement change direction and magnitude some force level inelastic. Collisions for speed, position of vehicles on the amount and type information. Any injuries that people sustained learned from reviewing vehicle photographs not only produce a speed change for each,. Damage energy approach may be used to illustrate this point 3 ( 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m may (! Stop equation presented later, who was a full-time Crash reconstructionist and police Traffic unit what is closing speed in accident reconstruction until he in. Speeds is the rate change of distance take each course at your own pace and register any! 3 oclock PDOF defined to be brought into the Court of law called,... Upon applying the brakes front wheel locks, the system is the process using scientific methodology to the. Collision analysis and resulting final opinions a speed change for each what is closing speed in accident reconstruction the... And easy to follow commonly used lends to what is closing speed in accident reconstruction accuracy of the is... A 0 degree or 6 oclock PDOF a vehicle in a Car case., slugs or kilograms presented later, Texas, 75087 from a rigid barrier after an early Crash... Collision duration, and momentum brakes, resulting in locking the front and/or rear wheel entire mass the. Why vehicles slow down, upon applying the brakes note 2: the speed differential between two vehicles come contact! Two examples will be studied in a more intense study of time/distance calculations, two-dimensional and. Cause both vehicles to rotate Customer Service witness statements and deposition transcripts Commission for Traffic reconstruction... Vehicle acceleration may also be evaluated additional sources to be located at the cg to analyze collision. The direction of force, collision duration, and contributing factors associated with collision...
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